Información, novedades y última hora sobre Dictadura Pinochet. Political advertising was legalized on 5 September 1987, as a necessary element for the campaign for the "NO" to the referendum, which countered the official campaign, which presaged a return to a Popular Unity government in case of a defeat of Pinochet. "[122], Pinochet himself expressed his project in government as a national rebirth inspired by Diego Portales, a figure of the early republic:[123]. The first country in the world to make that momentous break with the past—away from socialism and extreme state capitalism toward more market-oriented structures and policies—was not Deng Xiaoping’s China or Margaret Thatcher’s Britain in the late 1970s, Ronald Reagan’s United States in 1981, or any other country in Latin America or elsewhere. Durante los diecisiete años … Ook blijft hij tot 1998 opperbevelhebber van het leger, zodat hij nog lange tijd grote politieke invloed heeft in Chili. The Concertación also won the majority of votes for the Parliament. [172], Over several months in 2005, Chilean judge Sergio Muñoz indicted Augusto Pinochet's wife, Lucia Hiriart; four of his children – Marco Antonio, Jacqueline, Veronica and Lucia Pinochet; his personal secretary, Monica Ananias; and his former aide Oscar Aitken on tax evasion and falsification charges stemming from the Riggs Bank investigation. He was replaced by General Fernando Matthei. Hij is echter vooral de Chileense geschiedenisboeken ingegaan als de man onder wiens bewind duizenden mensen werden vermoord en gemarteld. Despite denial of countless American agencies, current declassified documentation has proven the American involvement. [143], Investigative journalist Juan Cristóbal Peña has put forward the thesis that Pinochet felt intellectual envy of Carlos Prats and that the latter's assassination in 1974 was a relief for Pinochet. [64], The Rettig Report concluded 2,279 persons who disappeared during the military government were killed for political reasons or as a result of political violence. The junta members originally planned that the presidency would be held for a year by the commanders-in-chief of each of the four military branches in turn. [142][143] Speech on Pinochet at the Conservative Party Conference. Als president krijgt hij dan meer macht en hij wil de ambtstermijn verlengen tot acht jaar. After stepping down in 1990, Pinochet continued to serve as Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army until 10 March 1998, when he retired and became a senator-for-life in accordance with his 1980 Constitution. [93] But others disagree, Chilean economist José Piñera argues that 2 years after Pinochet took power, poverty was still at 50% and the liberal reforms reduced it to 7.8% in 2013[94] as well as income per capita rising from US$4.000 in 1975 to US$25.000 in 2015,[94] supporters of the reforms also argue that when Pinochet left power in 1990 poverty had fallen to 38%[95] and some claim that since the consolidation of the neoliberal system inequality has been reducing. [156] Guzmán advanced the charge of kidnapping as the 75 were officially "disappeared": even though they were all most likely dead, the absence of their corpses made any charge of "homicide" difficult. Augusto Pinochet gestionó las vías legales para mantenerse inmune aún después del proceso democrático en Chile de 1990. [117] Following abuse and execution, corpses were interred in secret graves, dropped into rivers or the ocean, or just dumped on urban streets in the night. He was the son and namesake of Augusto Pinochet Vera (1891–1944), a descendant of an 18th-century French Breton immigrant from Lamballe,[30] and Avelina Ugarte Martínez (1895–1986), a woman whose family had been in Chile since the 17th century and was of partial Basque descent.[31][32]. These mines would ultimately help them economically however they would fall partly in American hands. [39], In the months that followed the coup, the junta, with authoring work by historian Gonzalo Vial and admiral Patricio Carvajal, published a book titled El Libro Blanco del cambio de gobierno en Chile (commonly known as El Libro Blanco, 'The White Book on the Change of Government in Chile'), in which they said that they were in fact anticipating a self-coup (the alleged Plan Zeta, or Plan Z) that Allende's government or its associates were purportedly preparing. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of judge Juan Guzmán's request in August 2000, and Pinochet was indicted on 1 December 2000 for the kidnapping of 75 opponents in the Caravan of Death case. Veel van onze encyclopedische artikelen zijn ook goed te gebruiken voor spreekbeurten en werkstukken. El coronel que le pena al ejército, CDE insiste en unir caso Huber con tráfico de armas a Croacia, Generales (R) y civiles de Famae procesados en caso armas a Croacia, Muere el ex dictador Chileno Augusto Pinochet, Augusto Pinochet falleció en el Hospital Militar tras sufrir recaída, "Viudos de Franco" homenajearon a Pinochet en España, Pedregoso camino para que cenizas de Pinochet llegaran a Los Boldos, Augusto Pinochet (1915–2006) – A Biography, Documentary Film on Chilean Concentration Camp from Pinochet's Regime: Chacabuco, CIA Acknowledges Ties to Pinochet’s Repression, Analysis of economic policy under Pinochet, When US-Backed Pinochet Forces Took Power in Chile, Committee of Cooperation for Peace in Chile, Attempted assassination of Bernardo Leighton, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Pinochet&oldid=992839659, People indicted for crimes against humanity, Recipients of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin, Heads of government who were later imprisoned, Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with dead external links from October 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Alistair Horne, "The case for Henry Kissinger" – The Independent (3587 words, 18 August 2009), Alide Dasnois, "Chile and the absurdity of ideological social engineering" – The Cape Times (1226 words, 8 July 2009), Michael Posner, "What it's like to arrive at a place called exile; Drawing on personal experience, Carmen Aguirre's play chronicles the plight of Chilean refugees fleeing the Pinochet regime" – The Globe & Mail (829 words, 17 September 2009), This page was last edited on 7 December 2020, at 11:16. On 30 January 1943, Pinochet married Lucía Hiriart Rodríguez, with whom he had five children: Inés Lucía, María Verónica, Jacqueline Marie, Augusto Osvaldo and Marco Antonio. Financial conglomerates became major beneficiaries of the liberalized economy and the flood of foreign bank loans. Bij deze oorlog tussen Argentinië en het Verenigd Koninkrijk over de Falklandeilanden, steunt Chili het Verenigd Koninkrijk actief. In navolging van die overeenkomst worden de linkse vluchtelingen alsnog vervolgd in Argentinië, een van de ondertekenaars van het pact. Er zijn sterke vermoedens dat Jheronimus Bosch op een zeker moment zelf de kriebelziekte had, en dat de mismaakte figuren op zijn schilderijen aan de ziekte leden. Pinochet, who still benefited from a reputation of righteousness from his supporters, lost legitimacy when he was put under house arrest on tax fraud and passport forgery, following the publication by the US Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of a report concerning the Riggs Bank in July 2004. [145], Supporters sometimes refer to Pinochet as mi general (the military salutation for a general) while opponents call him pinocho (Spanish for "Pinocchio", from the children's story). 111 legislators voted for, and 29 against.[155]. "[162], In January 2005, the Chilean Army accepted institutional responsibility for past human rights abuses. British priest Michael Woodward, who vanished within 10 days of the coup, was tortured and beaten to death aboard the Chilean naval ship, Esmeralda.[68][69]. [53][54][55] CIA contact with DINA head Manuel Contreras was established in 1974 soon after the coup, during the Junta period prior to official transfer of Presidential powers to Pinochet; in 1975, the CIA reviewed a warning that keeping Contreras as an asset might threaten human rights in the region. As established, the junta exercised both executive and legislative functions of the government, suspended the Constitution and the Congress, imposed strict censorship and curfew, banned all parties and halted all political and perceived subversive activities. In 1986 overleeft Pinochet een moordaanslag, waarbij vijf van zijn lijfwachten omkomen. In March 1985, the murder of three Communist Party members led to the resignation of César Mendoza, head of the Carabineros and member of the junta since its formation. Eind jaren tachtig organiseert Augusto Pinochet onder grote internationale druk een referendum, waarin de Chileense bevolking aangeeft terug te willen naar een democratie. General Carlos Prats, Pinochet's predecessor and army commander under Allende, who had resigned rather than support the moves against Allende's government, was assassinated in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1974. A significant part of the books and documents of the library of José Manuel Balmaceda was found in Pinochet's library in 2006. So as to avoid any potential disruption his flight back to Chile from the UK departed from RAF Waddington, evading those protesting against his release. Since the Riggs Bank scandal he has been referred to sarcastically as Daniel Lopez, one of the fake identities he used to deposit money in the bank. [163] In 2006, Pinochet was indicted for kidnappings and torture at the Villa Grimaldi detention center by judge Alejandro Madrid (Guzmán's successor),[164] as well as for the 1995 assassination of the DINA biochemist Eugenio Berrios, himself involved in the Letelier case. [187], Massive spontaneous street demonstrations broke out throughout the country upon the news of his death. Omdat hij bekend staat om zijn gezagsgetrouwheid en loyaliteit benoemt de Chileens president Salvador Allende hem in 1973 als opperbevelhebber van het Chileense leger. The body of the renowned Chilean singer, theatre director and academic Víctor Jara was found in a dirty canal "with his hands and face extremely disfigured" and with "forty-four bullet holes. [117][118] Beatings with gun butts, fists and chains were routine; one technique known as "the telephone" involved the torturer slamming "his open hands hard and rhythmically against the ears of the victim," leaving the person deaf. SANTIAGO DE CHILE, 11 Sep. (Notimérica) - El régimen de Augusto Pinochet en Chile (1973-1990) es una de las dictaduras más atroces de la historia. Pinochet studeert af aan de militaire academie en stijgt al snel op de militaire ladder. Less than a month later, the Chilean military deposed Allende. [141] Before wresting power from Allende, Pinochet had written two books, Geopolítica (1968) and Campaña de Tarapacá (1972), which established him as a major figure in Chile's military literature. [184], Pinochet suffered a heart attack on the morning of 3 December 2006 and was given the last rites the same day. Para ver tamaño completo haga clic sobre la imagen. In a government decision, he was not granted a state funeral (an honor normally bestowed upon past presidents of Chile) but a military funeral as former commander-in-chief of the Army appointed by Allende. Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte fue un militar chileno que encabezó la dictadura militar de Chile que se desarrolló entre 1973 y 1990, periodo conocido en ese país como Régimen Militar. Salvador Allende fue elegido presidente de Chile por el Congreso Nacional, el 24 de octubre de 1970, luego de haber obtenido la mayoría de votos en la elección del 4 de septiembre de ese año. Pinochet's funeral took place the following day at the same venue before a gathering of 60,000 supporters.[188]. Economist Andrew Farrant examined the Chilean constitutional clauses that MacLean attributes to Buchanan, and discovered that they pre-dated his visit. El 5 de octubre de 1988 Chile le dijo "No" al gobierno militar de Augusto Pinochet en un histórico plebiscito. He stated that the coup itself was possible only through a three-year covert operation mounted by the United States. His military bodyguard was taken by surprise, and five members were killed. [29], Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte was born in Valparaíso on 25 November 1915. The armed forces refused to allow his ashes to be deposited on military property. The Supreme Court affirmed, in March 2005, Pinochet's immunity concerning the 1974 assassination of General Carlos Prats in Buenos Aires, which had taken place in the frame of Operation Condor. [168], On 25 November 2006, Pinochet marked his 91st birthday by having his wife read a statement he had written to admirers present for his birthday: "I assume the political responsibility for all that has been done. Publiceer op Historiek, Bij Historiek vinden we dat geschiedenis niet alleen interessant maar ook relevant is. James M. Buchanan's 1980 Visit to Chile" Southern Economic Journal, 2 January 2019, Nicholas van der Bijl and David Aldea, 5th Infantry Brigade in the Falklands, page 28, Leo Cooper 2003. [167] Pinochet's son Marco Antonio, who had been accused of participating in the drug trade, in 2006 denied claims of drug trafficking in his father's administration and said that he would sue Manuel Contreras, who had said that Pinochet sold cocaine. Este incidente contribuyó al aislamiento del gobierno de Pinochet y dio lugar a una ruptura brusca en las relaciones entre ambos países. Bekijk dan onze. [191][D] His ashes were delivered to his family later that day, and are deposited in Los Boldos, Santo Domingo, Valparaiso, Chile; one of his personal residences. In 1935, after four years studying military geography, he graduated with the rank of alférez (Second Lieutenant) in the infantry. All other parties were placed in "indefinite recess" and were later banned outright. [177] The payments began in 1997 and lasted until 2004. Pinochet declared that he wanted "to make Chile not a nation of proletarians, but a nation of proprietors. "Chile: A Country Study". Omdat door de economische groei het verschil tussen arm en rijk ook groter wordt, organiseren oppositieleden en vakbonden vanaf 1983 steeds meer demonstraties en stakingen tegen het Pinochet-regime. He further argued that had Pinochet attempted to build true fascism, the regime would likely have been toppled or at least been forced to alter its relationship to the United States. Thereafter, Aylwin won the December 1989 presidential election with 55% of the votes,[102] against less than 30% for the right-wing candidate, Hernán Büchi, who had been Pinochet's Minister of Finances since 1985 (there was also a third-party candidate, Francisco Javier Errázuriz, a wealthy aristocrat representing the extreme economic right, who garnered the remaining 15%[102]). El golpe de Estado en Chile del 11 de septiembre de 1973 fue una acción militar llevada a cabo por las Fuerzas Armadas de Chile conformadas por la Armada de Chile, la Fuerza Aérea de Chile y el Ejército de Chile en conjunto con Carabineros de Chile para derrocar al presidente socialista Salvador Allende Gossens y… Als Pinochet in 1998 Londen bezoekt, wordt hij onder huisarrest geplaatst, omdat er een internationaal arrestatiebevel is uitgevaardigd door een Spaanse rechter. [44], The Church Report investigating the fallout of the Watergate scandal stated that while the U.S. tacitly supported the Pinochet government after the 1973 coup, there was "no evidence" that the US was directly involved in it. Pinochet died a few days later, on 10 December 2006, without having been convicted of any of the crimes of which he was accused. Pinochet believed these operations were necessary in order to "save the country from communism. There is no mention of the true brains, or that the whole of the armed forces were involved in this, in dirty and symbolic tasks. At the end of 1959 he returned to Chile and was sent to General Headquarters of the 1st Army Division, based in Antofagasta. Cuando en 1970 asume la presidencia Allende, un dirigente proveniente de la izquierda, Pinochet, comienza un fino trabajo para derrocarlo con el apoyo de vario… Als hij op zijn vijftiende van school wordt gestuurd, meldt hij zich aan bij het leger. US Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, "U.S. "[157], Pinochet resigned from his senatorial seat shortly after the Supreme Court's July 2002 ruling. Documents confirm that Pinochet directly ordered the assassination of Letelier. Eén van die gevangenen is overigens Michelle Bachalet, die in 2006 werd gekozen tot president van Chili. According to Chilean Junta member and former Air Force commander, General Fernando Matthei, Chilean support included military intelligence gathering, radar surveillance, allowing British aircraft to operate with Chilean colours, and facilitating the safe return of British special forces, among other forms of assistance. Pinochet accepted the result and the ensuing Constitutional process led to presidential and legislative elections the following year. A. Cento Bull, 'Neo-Fascism', R.J.B. GPO for the Library of Congress. In 1968, he was named Chief of Staff of the 2nd Army Division, based in Santiago, and at the end of that year, he was promoted to brigadier general and Commander in Chief of the 6th Division, garrisoned in Iquique. United States Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs: "Levin-Coleman Staff Report Discloses Web of Secret Accounts Used by Pinochet", Press Release. Volgens sommige politicologen was dat geweld onontkoombaar, vanwege de diepgewortelde democratie die Chili al sinds het begin van de twintigste eeuw was. Op Historiek vindt u historische achtergronden bij het nieuws, maar ook bijvoorbeeld boekbesprekingen, historische uitdrukkingen en gezegden, informatie over de Griekse mythologie, wereldoorlogen en veel historische foto's. Klant bij Bol? In a 1988 plebiscite, 56% voted against Pinochet's continuing as president, which led to democratic elections for the presidency and Congress. Detainees were forcibly immersed in vats of urine and excrement, and were occasionally forced to ingest it. In July 1989, a referendum on the proposed changes took place, supported by all the parties except the right-wing Southern Party and the Chilean Socialist Party. Als je doorgaat met het gebruiken van de website, gaan we er vanuit dat ermee instemt. By late 1945, Pinochet had been assigned to the "Carampangue" Regiment in the northern city of Iquique. We gebruiken cookies om ervoor te zorgen dat onze website zo soepel mogelijk draait. Augusto Pinochet (Augusto Pinochet Ugarte; Valparaíso, 1915 - Santiago de Chile, 2006) Dictador chileno que se hizo con el poder tras derrocar al presidente electo Salvador Allende y que gobernó Chile entre 1973 y 1990, reprimiendo duramente a la oposición política. Straw had overruled a House of Lords decision to extradite Pinochet to face trial in Spain. Een grote groep politieke vluchtelingen zoekt een toevluchtsoord in Argentinië. Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (1915-2006) Tras liderar un golpe de Estado el 11 de septiembre de 1973, Augusto Pinochet dirigió el país por 17 años mediante un régimen dictatorial caracterizado por violaciones a los derechos humanos y la implementación de un modelo económico neoliberal. De New Deal was een politiek program van de Amerikaanse president Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945), bedoeld als aanpak van de economische crisis in de Verenigde Staten in de jaren 1930. However, they simply executed him; this case was included in the Rettig Report. Antonio Tejero, who led the failed coup of 1981, attended a memorial service in Madrid. Augusto Pinochet fue un militar, político y dictador que participó de manera protagónica en el Gobierno de Chile de 1974 a 1990, entre cargos como jefe supremo de las fuerzas … In October 1979, The New York Times reported that Amnesty International had documented the disappearance of approximately 1,500 Chileans since 1973. "[74], On 2 June 2017, Chilean judge Hernan Cristoso sentenced 106 former Chilean intelligence officials to between 541 days and 20 years in prison for their role in the kidnapping and murder of 16 left-wing activists in 1974 and 1975.[75]. [22], Critics argue the neoliberal economic policies of the Pinochet regime resulted in widening inequality and deepening poverty as they negatively impacted the wages, benefits and working conditions of Chile's working class. Joaquin Vial Ruiz-Tagle, Francisca Castro, The Chilean Pension System. [86] Healthcare and education were likewise privatized. Meer informatie â±. Hoewel hij de meest stabiele democratie van Zuid-Amerika om zeep hielp, stelde hij uit eigen beweging in 1990 de democratie weer in. [70] This led to strained relations with the US and to the extradition of Michael Townley, a US citizen who worked for the DINA and had organized Letelier's assassination. Chili wordt een trouwe bondgenoot van de Verenigde Staten en ook de banden met andere landen in Zuid-Amerika zijn goed. [33] He received the Scottish Rite degree of companion, but he is thought not to have ever become a Grand Master. "What Should (Knightian) Economists Do? Interviews after Pinochet's departure with people involved with the referendum confirmed that fraud had, indeed, been widespread. [130] Images of Pinochet have been used in several Internet memes with the caption "Pinochet's Free Helicopter Rides", referencing death flights which saw political dissidents being thrown from helicopters over the Pacific or the Andes during Pinochet's rule. [11] By the time of his death on 10 December 2006, about 300 criminal charges were still pending against him in Chile for numerous human rights violations during his 17-year rule and tax evasion and embezzlement during and after his rule. Volgens Pinochet was dat echter nodig om van Chili een welvarend land te maken. Bestel via deze link en Historiek krijgt een kleine vergoeding. El 11 de septiembre... La política económica. However, he was deemed fit to stand trial for Operation Colombo, during which 119 political opponents were "disappeared" in Argentina. El Rodriguista, 11 Años de Lucha y Dignidad, 1994", "A Bombshell on Pinochet's Guilt, Delivered Too Late", "Get to Know the Memes of the Alt-Right and Never Miss a Dog-Whistle Again", "Chilean army admits 120 thrown into sea", "Jaime Guzmán no fue un defensor de los Derechos Humanos en el Régimen de Pinochet", "Buenos Aires Journal; Timerman, Stranger in Two More Strange Lands", "Periodista peruano: A Fujimori le gustaba que lo llamaran "Chinochet, "Hissène Habré, 'Africa's Pinochet', found guilty of crimes against humanity", "Augusto Pinochet es un ícono dentro del movimiento de derecha radical que llevó a Donald Trump a la presidencia", "As GOP Reconsiders Trump as Standard Bearer", "Exclusivo: Viaje al fondo de la biblioteca de Pinochet", "Pinochet, un "intelectual limitado" que copió libros, según escritor", "JUAN CRISTÓBAL PEÑA: "SE HA MENOSPRECIADO A PINOCHET EN SU CAPACIDAD INTELECTUAL, "A Chilean Dictator's Secret Book Collection: Heavy on Napoleon, Light on Fiction", "Latin American Studies Association: Login", "Pinochet, con nombres de "chapa", abrió cuentas en el Riggs en 1985", Pinochet receives a hero's welcome on his return, "The Appeals Court Ruling Is Negotiated Out for Pinochet", "Pinochet Competent, Must Stand Trial, Judge Rules", "El juez Guzmán procesa a Pinochet y ordena su arresto domiciliario por asesinato y secuestro", Levée de l'immunité de Pinochet pour le meurtre d'un chimiste, General (r) Manuel Contreras: Eugenio Berríos está vivo, "Hijo de Pinochet acusa de "mentiroso y canalla" a ex jefe DINA", Procesan a Pinochet y ordenan su arresto por los secuestros y homicidios de la "Caravana de la Muerte", https://www.senate.gov/~levin/newsroom/release.cfm?id=233631, Corte revoca mayoría de procesamientos en caso Riggs, Cobertura Especial: Detienen a familia y principales colaboradores de Pinochet, Detective story that linked £1m Pinochet cash to BAE, Gerardo Huber sabía demasiado, pero no alcanzó a contarlo. Pinochet studeert af aan de militaire academie en stijgt al snel op de … His first act when landing in Santiago's airport was to triumphantly get up from his wheelchair to the acclaim of his supporters. [11] On 11 September 1973, [40] Although later discredited and officially recognized as the product of political propaganda,[41] Gonzalo Vial Correa insists in the similarities between the alleged Plan Z and other existing paramilitary plans of the Popular Unity parties in support of its legitimacy. The bank controlled between US$4 million and $8 million of Pinochet's assets, who lived in Santiago in a modest house, dissimulating his wealth. In December 1974, the ruling military junta appointed Pinochet Supreme Head of the nation by joint decree, although without the support of one of the coup's instigators, Air Force General Gustavo Leigh. 20 March 2005. Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte, beter bekend als Augusto Pinochet, (geboren te Valparaíso op 25 november 1915 - gestorven te Santiago op 10 december 2006) was een Chileense generaal en de 30ste president van Chili.. Pinochet wist met het Chileense leger de regering van Salvador Allende ten val te brengen, waarna hij zelf president werd. The report was a consequence of investigations on financial funding of the 11 September 2001 attacks in the US. Two years later, in 1939, then with the rank of Sub-lieutenant, he moved to the "Maipo" Regiment, garrisoned in Valparaíso. 1995. By mid-1975, after two years of Keynesianism, the government set forth an economic policy of free-market reforms that attempted to stop inflation and collapse. Su carrera en las Fuerzas Armadas chilenas fue progresiva y exitosa, y en el año 1969 se convirtió en General y en Comandante en Jefe del Ejército. [109] Pinochet's controversial relationship with Thatcher led Labour Prime Minister Tony Blair to mock Thatcher's Conservatives as "the party of Pinochet" in 1999. Augusto Pinochet, in full Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, (born November 25, 1915, Valparaiso, Chile—died December 10, 2006, Santiago), leader of the military junta that overthrew the socialist government of Pres. Opmerking? [108] Pinochet subsequently visited the UK on more than one occasion. [46] Authors Tim Weiner (Legacy of Ashes)[47] and Christopher Hitchens (The Trial of Henry Kissinger)[48] similarly argue the case that US covert actions actively destabilized Allende's government and set the stage for the 1973 coup. [112] Among the killed and disappeared during the military regime were at least 663 Marxist MIR guerrillas.
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